The Art of War for Dummies (Revisited)

Yet another take on the start of the Art of War series.

Military precision is to precision what Kenny G is to jazz. So it is that the art of war—known in our command and staff colleges as operational art—has a language so vague that it’s useless.

Take the term center of gravity. Everyone concurs that it is a vital concept, but nobody agrees on what it means. A Marine will tell you there can only be one center of gravity, but that's because Marines can only think about one thing at a time. An Air Force pilot will tell you a center of gravity is anything he can bomb, so you need to buy him a lot of expensive bombers so he can bomb everything. A naval aviator will tell you the center of gravity is always an aircraft carrier, even in land warfare. If you ask an intelligence officer what a center of gravity is he'll tell you it's classified so don’t quote him by name, and if you ask an Army general he'll start breathing through his mouth.

No wonder the dummies running our woebegone wars can’t find their way out of Iraq or the Bananastans with a map and a flashlight.

Many rear echelon desk commandos in the Pentagon think the center of gravity in Afghanistan is the Taliban. Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman Admiral Mike Mullen says "the real centers of gravity” are the Afghan people. Senator John Kerry says the strategic center of gravity in Afghanistan is Pakistan, an observation that reflects his track record at crafting winning strategies.

The 19^th century Prussian general and philosopher Carl von Clausewitz defined center of gravity (Schwerpunkt) as "the point against which all our energies should be directed.” Clausewitz also established as writ that “the political object” must determine both “the military objective to be reached.” It doesn’t take a masters degree in war to conclude that an enemy’s centers of gravity is the main obstacle between our objective and us, and that our center of gravity is the asset that will achieve our objective.

Clausewitz tells us that "Strategy is the use of the engagement for the purpose of the war,” So maybe it’s understandable that our leaders are so confused about the center of gravity in the Bananastans. National Security Adviser James Jones and his White House war party unveiled our new Bananastan strategy in March, and its “realistic and achievable objectives” are unadulterated delirium.

We can’t create “an effective government in Afghanistan” or a “stable constitutional government in Pakistan.” “Disrupting terrorist networks in Afghanistan and Pakistan” won’t “degrade any ability they have to plan and launch international terrorist attacks.” The only thing today’s terrorists need to plan and launch international attacks is an iPhone; they don’t need to hunker down in a mountain top cave on the far side of the Khyber Pass to use one of those things. They have freedom of action to run their operation from front row center at the Cannes Film Festival if they choose to. “Involving the international community to actively assist in addressing these objectives” won’t be of any help. The Bananastan strategy objectives are so fantastic that the intergalactic community from the Star Trek universe couldn’t help us achieve them.

Not even the Vulcans could deduce logical centers of gravity from the war aims the Jones gang has dreamt up. Spock himself would blanch at the thought of crafting measures of effectiveness to measure whether or not we’re making progress toward achieving such cockamamie goals; but Lt. Gen. Stanley McChrystal, our new top Bananastan general, has taken a shot at it. “The measure of effectiveness will not be enemy killed,” he told the Senate Armed Services Committee at his June 2 confirmation hearing. “It will be the number of Afghans shielded from violence.”

Not a single member of that committee had sufficient intellect or spine to ask McChrystal how many shielded Afghans, in his opinion, might constitute victory. Attempts to calculate how any number of shielded Afghans might lead to achieving objective suggested by our military and civilian war wonks evoke an image resembling Edvard Munch’s painting The Scream.

Centers of gravity can change over time, space and levels of war. That sounds more convoluted than a double-decker 3-D chess tournament at first, but it’s reasonably simple. Folks who can spell their names correctly will catch on to the time and space aspects quickly enough: Next week’s umptieth reoccupation of al Kaboom will have different centers of gravity than today’s air raid on the terrorist camp that’s camouflaged as a Muslim wedding chapel. The basic levels of war are the tactical, operational and strategic. The tactical level is where combat takes place and the strategic level is where military actions achieve (or fail to achieve) a war’s political aims. Tactical actions are planned and coordinated to achieve strategic goals at the operational level.

Tactical and operational centers of gravity consist of some type of armed force. To the U-Boat skipper task is to sink a supply convoy, the enemy center of gravity is the convoy’s destroyer escort. An operational center of gravity may be the armored division that blocks us from capturing a major oil field or an air defense system that thwarts our efforts to bomb key enemy infrastructure.

Strategic centers of gravity are always political leadership. Common military wisdom deems that popular support or national resources or the media can be strategic centers of gravity, but common military wisdom is all too common and none too wise. Population, resources and so on may be critical factors—strengths, weaknesses or critical vulnerabilities—but they are only important as they affect political leadership. The obsession Mullen and McChrystal have with the Afghan populace is cause for grave concern. A population may influence leadership with its vote or by storming the palace, but it is your enemy’s leadership, not its angry mob, that can produce the political behavior you want. The effect of popular opinion is minimal in oppressive nations, but the people’s influence is often overrated even in so-called liberal democracies. In the last two federal elections, Americans overwhelmingly voted for the anti-war agenda. For all the good it did us, we all might as well have cast our ballots in Florida.

The overarching importance of political leadership in war makes you want to think very, very hard before you charge off with a goal of regime change, as our Mesopotamia mistake so vividly and tragically illustrates.

Commander Jeff Huber, U.S. Navy (Retired) writes at Pen and Sword. Jeff's novel Bathtub Admirals (Kunati Books), a lampoon on America's rise to global dominance, is on sale now.